Robert Dudley was an Englishman who lived for a long time in partial exile in Italy. In the years 1646-47 he published in Florence a large collection of charts which he called Arcano del mare. The chart of Iceland is copied from a Dutch model, as it says on the chart itself, and the source is the map by Joris Carolus, though elements are taken from Ortelius or some intermediary. Dudley was at great pains to embellish his chart with as many names as possible, and to this end repeats the same names again and again with changes or additions.